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Text 10 Plant Assets, Intangible Assets, and Related Expenses
1 Identify the elements of a plant asset’s cost. Plant assets are long-lived assets that the business uses in its operation. These assets are not held for sale as inventory.
2 Explain the concept of depreciation. The process of allocating a plant asset’s cost to expense over the period the asset is used is called depreciation. The cost of all plant assets but land is expensed through depreciation.
3 Account for depreciation by four methods. Businesses may compute the depreciation of plant assets by four methods: straight-line, units-of-production, and the accelerated methods: double-declining-balance and sum-of-years ‘-digits. To measure depreciation, the accountant subtracts the asset’s estimated residual value from its cost and divides that amount by the asset’s estimated useful life. Most companies use the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes.
4 Identify the best depreciation method for income tax purposes. Almost all companies use an accelerated method for income tax purposes. Accelerated depreciation results in greater tax deductions early in the asset’s life. These deductions decrease income tax payments and conserve cash that the company can use in its business.
5 Account for disposal of plant assets. Before disposing of a plant asset,the business updates the asset’s depreciation. Disposal is recorded by removing the book balances from both the asset account and its related accumulated depreciation account. Disposal often results in recognition of a gain or a loss.
6 Account for natural resource assets and depletion. The cost of natural resources, a special category of long-lived assets, is expensed through depletion. Depletion. Depletion of natural resources is computed on a units-of-production basis.
7 Account for intangible assets and amortization. Long-lived assets called intangibles are rights that have no physical form. The cost of intangibles is expensed through amortization. Amortization of intangibles is computed on a straight-line basis over a maximum of 40 years. However, the useful lives of most intangibles are shorter than their legal lives. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization are identical in concept.8 Distinguish capital expenditures from revenue expenditures. Capital expenditures increase the capacity or the efficiency of an asset or extend its useful life. Accordingly, they are debited to an asset account. Revenue expenditures merely maintain the asset’s usefulness and are debited to an expense account.
New Words
identify vt.认别,鉴定
long-lived adj. 长期的
inventory n.存货,盘存;财产目录
depreciation n.折旧,贬值
straight-line n. 直线法
unit of production n. 单位产量
accelerated(depreciation) method n. 加速折旧法
double-declining-balance n. 加倍金额递减法
sum-of-the-years’ -digits n.折旧年数合计法
subtract vt. 减去
residual value n. 剩余价值,残值
useful life n. 可用年限,有用寿命
financial adj.财政的,金融的
tax deduction n.税款扣除额,课税扣除
conserve vt.保藏,保存
disposal n. 处理,清理
update vt. 使现代化
book balance n. 帐面余额
accumulated depreciation n. 累计折旧
recognition n.认可,确定
resource n. 资源,物力
depletion n.折耗,耗减
category n. 种类,范畴,类目
intangible adj.摸不到的,无形的
amortization n. 分期偿还,摊销
maximum n. 最大化,最大值
identical adj.同一的,同等的
capital expenditure n.资本支出,基本建设费用
revenue expenditure n.营业支出,收入支出
capacity n.能力,生产力
accordingly adv. 因此,从而
debit vt. 将 记入借方
资产负债表法 Balance sheet approach
帐龄分析法 Aging analysis method
直接冲销法 Direct write-off method
带息票据 Interest bearing note
不带息票据 Non-interest bearing note
出票人 Maker
受款人 Payee
本金 Principal
利息 率 Interest rate
到期日 Maturity date
本票 Promissory note
贴现 Discount
背书 Endorse
拒付费 Protest fee
（4）存货
存货 Inventory
商品 存货 Merchandise inventory
产成品存货 Finished goods inventory
在产品存货 Work in process inventory
原材料存货 Raw materials inventory
起运地离岸价格 F.O.B shipping point
目的地抵岸价格 F.O.B destination
寄销 Consignment
寄销人 Consignor
承销人 Consignee
定期盘存 Periodic inventory
永续盘存 Perpetual inventory
购货 Purchase
购货折让和折扣 Purchase allowance and discounts
存货盈余或短缺 Inventory overages and shortages
分批认定法 Specific identification
加权平均法 Weighted average
先进先出法 First-in, first-out or FIFO
后进先出法 Lost-in, first-out or LIFO
移动平均法 Moving average
成本或市价孰低法 Lower of cost or market or LCM
市价 Market ＆#118alue
重置成本 Replacement cost
可变现净值 Net realizable ＆#118alue
上限 Upper limit
下限 Lower limit
毛利法 Gross margin method
零售价格法 Retail method
成本率 Cost ratio
（5）长期投资
长期投资 Long-term investment
长期股票投资 Investment on stocks
长期 债券 投资 Investment on bonds
成本法 Cost method
权益法 Equity method
合并法 Consolidation method
股利宣布日 Declaration date
股权登记日 Date of record
除息日 Ex-dividend date
付息日 Payment date
债券面值 Face ＆#118alue, Par ＆#118alue
债券折价 Discount on bonds
债券溢价 Premium on bonds
票面利率 Contract interest rate, stated rate
市场利率 Market interest ratio, Effective rate
普通股 Common Stock
优先股 Preferred Stock
现金股利 Cash dividends
股票股利 Stock dividends
清算股利 Liquidating dividends
到期日 Maturity date
到期值 Maturity ＆#118alue
直线摊销法 Straight-Line method of amortization
实际利息摊销法 Effective-interest method of amortization
（6）固定资产
固定资产 Plant assets or Fixed assets
原值 Original ＆#118alue
预计使用年限 Expected useful life
预计残值 Estimated residual ＆#118alue
折旧费用 Depreciation expense
累计折旧 Accumulated depreciation
帐面价值 Carrying ＆#118alue
应提折旧成本 Depreciation cost
净值 Net ＆#118alue
在建工程 Construction-in-process
磨损 Wear and tear
过时 Obsolescence
直线法 Straight-line method （SL）
工作量法 Units-of-production method （UOP）
加速折旧法 Accelerated depreciation method
双倍余额递减法 Double-declining balance method （DDB）
年数总和法 Sum-of-the-years-digits method （SYD）
以旧换新 Trade in
经营租赁 Operating lease
融资租赁 Capital lease
廉价购买权 Bargain purchase option （BPO）
资产负债表外筹资 Off-balance-sheet financing
最低租赁付款额 Minimum lease payments
（7）无形资产
无形资产 Intangible assets
专利权 Patents
商标权 Trademarks, Trade names
著作权 Copyrights
特许权或专营权 Franchises
商誉 Goodwill
开办费 Organization cost
租赁权 Leasehold
摊销 Amortization
（8）流动负债
负债 Liability
流动负债 Current liability
应付帐款 Account payable
应付票据 Notes payable
贴现票据 Discount notes
长期负债一年内到期部分 Current maturities of long-term liabilities
应付股利 Dividends payable
预收收益 Prepayments by customers
存入保证金 Refundable deposits
应付费用 Accrual expense
增值税 ＆#118alue added tax
营业税 Business tax
应付所得税 Income tax payable
应付奖金 Bonuses payable
产品质量担保负债 Estimated liabilities under product warranties
赠品和兑换券 Premiums, coupons and trading stamps
或有事项 Contingency
或有负债 Contingent
或有损失 Loss contingencies
或有利得 Gain contingencies
永久性差异 Permanent difference
时间性差异 Timing difference
应付税款法 Taxes payable method
纳税影响会计法 Tax effect accounting method
递延所得税负债法 Deferred income tax liability method
（9）长期负债
长期负债 Long-term Liabilities
应付公司 债券 Bonds payable
有担保品的公司债券 Secured Bonds
抵押公司债券 Mortgage Bonds
保证公司债券 Guaranteed Bonds
信用公司债券 Debenture Bonds
一次还本公司债券 Term Bonds
分期还本公司债券 Serial Bonds
可转换公司债券 Convertible Bonds
可赎回公司债券 Callable Bonds
可要求公司债券 Redeemable Bonds
记名公司债券 Registered Bonds
无记名公司债券 Coupon Bonds
普通公司债券 Ordinary Bonds
收益公司债券 Income Bonds
名义利率，票面利率 Nominal rate
实际利率 Actual rate
有效利率 Effective rate
溢价 Premium
折价 Discount
面值 Par ＆#118alue
直线法 Straight-line method
实际利率法 Effective interest method
到期直接偿付 Repayment at maturity
提前偿付 Repayment at advance
偿债基金 Sinking fund
长期应付票据 Long-term notes payable
（10）业主权益
权益 Equity
业主权益 Owners equity
股东权益 Stockholders equity
投入资本 Contributed capital
缴入资本 Paid-in capital
股本 Capital stock
资本公积 Capital surplus
留存收益 Retained earnings
核定股本 Authorized capital stock
实收资本 Issued capital stock
发行在外股本 Outstanding capital stock
库藏股 Treasury stock
普通股 Common stock
优先股 Preferred stock
累积优先股 Cumulative preferred stock
非累积优先股 Noncumulative preferred stock
完全参加优先股 Fully participating preferred stock
部分参加优先股 Partially participating preferred stock
非部分参加优先股 Nonpartially participating preferred stock
现金发行 Issuance for cash
非现金发行 Issuance for noncash consideration
股票的合并发行 Lump-sum sales of stock
发行成本 Issuance cost
成本法 Cost method
面值法 Par ＆#118alue method
捐赠资本 Donated capital
盈余分配 Distribution of earnings
股利 Dividend
股利政策 Dividend policy
宣布日 Date of declaration
股权登记日 Date of record
除息日 Ex-dividend date
股利支付日 Date of payment
现金股利 Cash dividend
股票股利 Stock dividend
拨款 appropriation
（11）财务报表
财务报表 Financial Statement
资产负债表 Balance Sheet
收益表 Income Statement
帐户式 Account Form
报告式 Report Form
编制（报表） Prepare
工作底稿 Worksheet
多步式 Multi-step
单步式 Single-step
12）财务状况变动表
财务状况变动表中的现金基础 SCFP.Cash Basis
（现金流量表）
财务状况变动表中的营运资金基础 SCFP.Working Capital Basis
（资金来源与运用表）
营运资金 Working Capital
全部资源概念 All-resources concept
直接:)业务 Direct exchanges
正常营业活动 Normal operating activities
财务活动 Financing activities
投资活动 Investing activities
（13）财务报表分析
财务报表分析 Analysis of financial statements
比较财务报表 Comparative financial statements
趋势百分比 Trend percentage
比率 Ratios
普通股每股收益 Earnings per share of common stock
股利收益率 Dividend yield ratio
价益比 Price-earnings ratio
普通股每股帐面价值 Book ＆#118alue per share of common stock
资本报酬率 Return on investment
总资产报酬率 Return on total asset
债券 收益率 Yield rate on bonds
已获 利息 倍数 Number of times interest earned
债券比率 Debt ratio
优先股收益率 Yield rate on preferred stock
营运资本 Working Capital
周转 Turnover
存货周转率 Inventory turnover
应收帐款周转率 Accounts receivable turnover
流动比率 Current ratio
速动比率 Quick ratio
酸性试验比率 Acid test ratio
（14）合并财务报表
合并财务报表 Consolidated financial statements
吸收合并 Merger
创立合并 Consolidation
控股公司 Parent company
附属公司 Subsidiary company
少数股权 Minority interest
权益联营合并 Pooling of interest
购买合并 Combination by purchase
权益法 Equity method
成本法 Cost method
（15）物价变动中的会计计量
物价变动之会计 Price-level changes accounting
一般物价水平会计 General price-level accounting
货币购买力会计 Purchasing-power accounting
统一币值会计 Constant dollar accounting
历史成本 Historical cost
现行价值会计 Current ＆#118alue accounting
现行成本 Current cost
重置成本 Replacement cost
物价指数 Price-level index
国民生产总值物价指数 Gross national product implicit price deflator （or GNP deflator）
消费物价指数 Consumer price index （or CPI）
批发物价指数 Wholesale price index
货币性资产 Monetary assets
货币性负债 Monetary liabilities
货币购买力损益 Purchasing-power gains or losses
资产持有损益 Holding gains or losses
未实现的资产持有损益 Unrealized holding gains or losses
现行价值与统一币值会计 Constant dollar and current cost accounting
